关于日本人的起源，至今仍是众说纷纭。一般日本人认为日本岛与大陆分离后就不再是亚洲大陆的一部分。

译文来源:

http://www.allempires.com/forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=24964&PN=1
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正文翻译:

每人一小段，翻译我也行！
翻译加工厂，等你来认领！http://www.ltaaa.com/translation

注：此篇译文有较多专业知识，如有错漏，欢迎指出。

-------------译者：魏晋余孽-------------

1、 keerisahaizu （楼主）
The origins of the Japanese people is not entirely clear yet. It is common for Japanese people to think that Japan is not part of Asia since it is an island, cut off from the continent. This tells a lot about how they see themselves in relation to their neighbours. But in spite of what the Japanese may think of themselves, they do not have extraterrestrial origins, and are indeed related to several peoples in Asia.
关于日本人的起源，至今仍是众说纷纭。一般日本人认为日本岛与大陆分离后就不再是亚洲大陆的一部分。这说明了日本人如何看待他们与邻国的关系。但尽管他们这样看待自己，也改变不了他们不是外星人种，而与亚洲几个人种有着千丝万缕的联系。

We shall have to go back a long way through history and analyse in depth the culture and language of the archipelago and try to find out whether the Japanese are indeed unique, and in what way.
我们将追溯久远的历史，深入分析日本列岛的文化和语言，以试着探究日本人是否真的独一无二以及为什么。

During the last Ice Age, which ended approximately 15,000 years ago, Japan was connected to the continent through several land bridges, notably one linking the Ryukyu Islands to Taiwan and Kyushu, one linking Kyushu to the Korean peninsula, and another one connecting Hokkaido to Sakhalin and the Siberian mainland. In fact, the Philippines and Indonesia were also connected to the Asian mainland. This allowed migrations from China and Austronesia towards Japan, about 35,000 years ago. These were the ancestors of the modern Ryukyuans (Okinawans), and the first inhabitants of all Japan.
在约15000年之前的最后一次冰河世纪，日本由几条大陆架连接到亚洲大陆，一条连接琉球岛到台湾和九州，一条连接九州到朝鲜半岛，另一条连接北海道到库页岛和西伯利亚大陆。事实上，菲律宾和印度尼西亚也与亚洲大陆连在一起。这使得35000年前，人们从中国和南太平洋群岛人迁移到日本。这些人就是当今琉球人（冲绳人）的祖先，也是日本最早的居民。

The Ainu came from Siberia and settled in Hokkaido and Honshu some 15,000 years ago, just before the water levels started rising again. Nowadays the Ryukuyans, the Ainus and the Japanese are considered three ethnically separate groups. We will see why.
在水位再次上升之前，即15000年之前，来自西伯利亚的阿依努人定居在北海道和本州岛。当今的琉球人，阿依努人，日本人被认为是三个种族分离的群体。我们来看看是为什么。

-------------译者：daisyhe17-------------

Genetic evidence
遗传证据

It is now believed that the modern Japanese descend mostly from the interbreeding of the Jomon Era people (15,000-300 BCE), composed of the above Ice Age settlers, and a later arrival from China and/or Korea. Around 300 BCE, the Yayoi people crossed the see from Korea to Kyushu, bringing with them a brand new culture, based on wet rice cultivation and horses.
人们如今认为现代日本人主要传承自绳纹时代人（公元前15,000-300年）的混种，由上述的冰河时代定居者和后来从中国/朝鲜来的到达者组成。大约在公元前300年时，弥生人穿过朝鲜到达了九州，带来了以湿水稻耕作和养马为基础的新文化。

DNA tests have confirmed the likelihood of this hypothesis. The Y-DNA (paternal line) of the modern Japanese is composed at 50% of haplogroup O, of Sino-Korean origin. The rest is made of three haplogroups C, D and N. The 15% of haplogroups C and N, or Siberian origin, might have come through the Ainus, but more probably through the Yayoi invaders.
DNA测试证实了这一假设的可能性。现代日本人的Y染色体（父系）有50%是由中朝起源单倍群O组成的。其余是由单倍群C、D和N组成的。15%的单倍群C和N，即西伯利亚起源，可能是来自阿依努人，但更有可能是来自于弥生时代的入侵者们。

The 35% of haplogroup D (or DE) is the most interesting for this study. It is only found in very specific regions : the Andaman Islands (between India and Myanmar), Indonesia (only a small minority), Mongolia (also a small minority) and Tibet. It is thought to have originated in East Africa some 50,000 years before present. Those people would have migrated along the coasts of the Indian Ocean, through Indonesia, and gone up to Japan, South-East Siberia, then moved inland to Mongolia to end up in Tibet.
35%的单倍群D（或DE）是这个研究中最有意思的部分。它只在几个特定区域被发现：安达曼群岛（印度和缅甸之间）、印度尼西亚（很少一部分）、蒙古（也是很小一部分）和西藏。它被认为是在距今50,000年前发源自东非的。那些人可能沿着印度洋的海岸迁移，穿过了印尼，向上到达了日本、西伯利亚东南，然后进入了蒙古的内陆，最终停在了西藏。

It likely that haplogroup D represents the settlers of Austronesian and Ainu origin. The presence of this haplogroup in a minority of Indonesian people confirms the link between the two countries. As for the Ainu, we know from the last surviving tribes of "pure" Ainu (most of whom live in Sakhalin rather than Japan) that almost all of them belong to haplogroup D. It would mean that the aboriginal people of Japan, the Ryukyuans and the Ainus, are ultimately related.
单倍群D可能代表着南岛语族和阿依努族起源的定居者。这个单倍群在小部分印尼人中的存在证实了两个国家之间的联系。至于阿依努人，我们从最后幸存的“阿依努”部落（绝大部分生活在库页岛而不是日本本岛）中知晓他们几乎全属于单倍群D。这意味着日本的土著人民——琉球人和阿依努人——是最终相关的。

-------------译者：guozhenyuhappy-------------

The Austronesian connection
南太平洋群岛间的联系

The Indonesians, Malaysians and Philipinos originated from Southern China. They migrated on boats via Taiwan and displaced the original inhabitants that might have been related to Dravidians of Southern India. We will see below that it is possible that some of these early Austronesians may have been the ancestors of the Ice Age settlers of Japan.
From a linguistic point of view, Bahasa Indonesia/Malaysia and Japanese language share only a few similarities, but nonetheless striking ones. Apart from the very similar pronunciation in both languages, there is the same hierarchical differences in personal pronouns. For example "you" is either anda or kamu with the same meaning and usage as anata and kimi in Japanese. Likewise, the Japanese verb suki ("to like") translates suka in Bahasa. Such similarities are probably more than mere coincidences, and may reveal a common origin. Furthermore, in both languages the plural can be formed by simply doubling the word. For instance, in Japanese hito means "person", while hitobito means "people". Likewise ware means "I" or "you", whereas wareware means "we". Doubling of words in Japanese is so common that there is a special character used only to mean the word is doubled (々) in written Japanese. In Bahasa, this way of forming the plural is almost systematical (person is orang, while people is orang-orang). Expressions like ittekimasu, itteirashai, tadaima and okaeri, used to greet someone who leaves or enter a place, and which have no equivalent in Indo-European languages, have exact equivalents in Indonesian (selamat jalan, selamat tinggal...).

Another evidence of the migration of haplogroup D from the Indian Ocean to Japan is that Tamil language (from Tamil Nadu in South India) also bears some uncanny similarities with Japanese language. Naturally, these languages having evolved separately for maybe 40,000 years, only a tiny fraction of the common roots have subsisted, but enough to confirm that such a common origin might indeed have existed, in a very distant past.

最开始印尼人，马来西亚人和菲律宾人来自中国南方。他们扬帆起船，途径台湾海峡，然后取代了当地原始居民，这些原始居民或许与南印度人有关系。我们将在下边看到，早期的南岛语族的人很可能是一些冰河时期的日本移民.

一些语言学观点，bahasa（印度尼西亚文）印尼语/菲律宾语和日语共有少数的相似性，但没有一点是显著相像的。先憋开两种语言的相似性不谈，在人称代词中，两种语言有相等的等级差异，举个例子， “你” 要么是anda（发音）要么是KAMU（印尼），而日本的传统发音为anata 和kimi。同样，在日本的动词中SUKI（喜欢）翻译成在印尼语中为SUKA。这种相似可能超过单纯的巧合，而且也显示了一些共同的起源。此外，两者语言的复数形成也都是简单的重复。举个例子，在日语中hito的意思是“个人”，而hitohito的意思是“人们”。同样ware的意思是“我”或 “你”，但wareware的意思是“我们”。增加一倍，此类方式在日语中是很常见的，但在日本有一个特殊字符只能用来指词是增加了一倍（々）. 在印尼语种，这种复数形式几乎是系统性的（人是ORANG，而人们是ORANG-ORANG）。表达感情像 ittekimasu, itteirashai, tadaima 和 okaeri，通常用来是欢迎某人离开或到来某地，但在印欧语系并没有与此相当的词，在印尼语种则有非常精确的表示(selamat jalan, selamat tinggal...).

另一个印度洋到日本移民的证据-染色体(单倍群D)是泰米尔语言（起源于南印度的泰米纳度），也有一些与日语间超常的相似性。自然地，这些语言在40000年前慢慢分离，只有一小部分相同的根仍维持着生存，但这已足够证明，这些共同的起源是确实存在的，在很久很久的过去。

-------------译者：wilmin-------------

Japanese matsuri (festivals) resemble so much Balinese ones that one could wonder if one was not copied from the other. During cremations in Bali, the dead body is carried on a portable shrine, very much in the way that the Japanese carry their mikoshi. Balinese funerals are joyful and people swinging the portable shrine in the streets and making loud noise to scare the evil spirits. Basically, Balinese religion is a form of Hinduism that has incorporated the aborigenal animist religion. Japanese Shintoism is also a variety of animism, and is practised side-by-side with Buddhism, a religion derived from Hinduism (Buddha himslef was born a Hindu). There are lots of other cultural similarities between ancient cultures of Indonesia and Japan. For example, both Balinese temples and Japanese shrines, as well as traditional Japanese and Balinese houses have a wall surrounding them, originally meant tp prevent evil spririts from penetrating the property. Despite the radical changes that Indonesian culture underwent after the introduction of Islam and Christianity, and the changes that Buddhism brought to Japan, it is still possible to observe clear similarities between the supposed original prehistoric cultures of the two archipelagoes.

日本人的祭礼（庆典节日）与巴厘人的如此相似，让人怀疑是不是其中一个山寨对方而来的。在巴厘岛的火化仪式中，遗体被装在一个便携的神龛（棺材）里面，与日本人的御舆非常相似。巴厘人的葬礼充满了欢乐，人们会在大街上舞动，通过声势来吓跑那些恶灵。基本上，巴厘人的信奉印度教，因为那包含了他们（土著人）的神灵。日本你的神道教也是信仰多种神灵，那是由佛教演变而来的，产生出一种不同于印度教的宗教（佛陀只能是在印度人）。还有很多文化都非常相似，他们都是介于古印尼文化和日本文化之间。例如，巴厘岛的寺庙和日本的神社，还有传统的日本和巴厘岛的房子都会有围墙环绕着，这是为了抵御恶灵的侵袭。除了那些本质上的改变，印尼文化接收了伊斯兰和基督文化，而那些佛教带给日本的改变，仍然可以在那些那些有着古老文化的岛屿中看到清晰的相似点。

The Korean connection
与朝鲜的联系

Japanese and Korean languages are both classified by linguists as Altaic languages, along with Mongolic, Tungusic and Turkic, among others. Nevertheless, Japanese is so distant from Mongolic and Turkic than the common points are hardly more evident than those with Indonesian or even Tamil.
Korean language, however, is much closer to Japanese. The grammar is very similar, and both have imported about half of their vocabulary from Chinese, which makes these three languages almost mutually understable in the written form

日语和朝鲜语都被语言学家定位为阿尔泰语系，此外还有蒙语，通古斯语，土耳其语。然而，日语与蒙语，土耳其语的差异点远大于相同点，因此几乎不能为为印尼语甚至泰米尔语提供证据。然而韩语与日语非常相似。有相似的语法，并且有近一半的词汇都是从中文那来的，这使这三种语言在书写方面几乎是能够相互理解。

评论翻译:

-------------译者：guozhenyuhappy-------------

2、omshanti
Just in case anyone wondered, the text is from this site: http://www.jref.com/culture/origins_japanese_people.shtml#

为了防止大家迷惑，给大家贴个地址，这篇文章来自这个网站：
http://www.jref.com/culture/origins_japanese_people.shtml

3、zstripe
http://www.kahaku.go.jp/special/past/japanese/ipix/5/5-14.html
More about the research:
In recent years, more archaeological and genetic evidence have been found in both eastern China and western Japan to lend credibility to this argument. Between 1996 and 1999, a team led by Satoshi Yamaguchi, a researcher at Japan's National Science Museum, compared Yayoi remains found in Japan's Yamaguchi and Fukuoka prefectures with those from early Han Dynasty (202 BC-8) in China's coastal Jiangsu province, and found many similarities between the skulls and limbs of Yayoi people and the Jiangsu remains.[8] Two Jiangsu skulls showed spots where the front teeth had been pulled, a practice common in Japan in the Yayoi and preceding Jōmon period. The genetic samples from three of the 36 Jiangsu skeletons also matched part of the DNA base arrangements of samples from the Yayoi remains.
Surprisingly, Japanese also display the highest frequency of haplogroup O3a5, which is a Han Chinese and Sino-Tibetan specific O3 branch.
http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content-nw/full/172/4/2431/TBL1
Xue et. al.
Japanese
Haplogroup O3a5 (O3e) 10/47= 23%
This frequency is about 5% higher than the frequency of O3a5 among Manchus, Koreans and other Northeast Asian

http://www.kahaku.go.jp/special/past/japanese/ipix/5/5-14.html
更多关于这个的研究报告：
在最近一些年，更多的考古学和遗传学的研究，使中国东部和日本西部之间的关系，更加具有可讨论性。在1996到1999年，一个由Satoshi（日本民族博物馆研究员）带领的小队在Yamaguchi山开始探索，在对比了日本弥生时期的头骨和在中国江苏省汉代的遗骸，结果发现者两者的遗骸有很多的相似性。江苏发现的头骨上的两颗牙齿，其年龄被公认为是在日本的弥生时期或者更早. 而从3个江苏遗骸上的DNA和日本弥生的遗骸DNA发现两者DNA有一定相似性.
令人惊奇的是，大多数日本人都有单倍群O3a5，而这个基因是在汉人或汉藏语系所特有的03分支。
http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content-nw/full/172/4/2431/TBL1
日本人
单倍体群O3a5 (O3e) 10/47= 23%
这个频率比O3a5在满族人、朝鲜人和其他东北亚人的频率高出大约5%

4、zstripe
The O3a3 branch of O3 occurs at higher frequencies among Manchus, Hmong-Mien people and Koreans suggesting that Koreans and Manchus are related to Hmong-Mien people, who are thought to have originated in Northeast Asia and eventually driven out by the Han Chinese to Southeast Asia and Southern China.
http://hmongstudies.org/GYLeeHSJ8.pdf

“O3 (M122) distributed throughout Central Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Austronesian regions of Oceania, with O3a3 (LINE1, M159) represented in Hmong-Mien people; and O3a5 (M134) in Sino-Tibetan peoples.”
So the haplogroup O3 found among Koreans and Manchurians are related to the southeast Asian ethnic groups (Miao, Hmong) who also live in China and the haplogroup O3 found among Japanese are related to the Sino-Tibetan ethnic groups (Han Chinese) who live predominantly in China

03基因的分支03a3，在满人，苗人和朝鲜人中有较高的分布，这让我想到朝鲜人和满族人是不是和苗人共同起源于北亚某地，而最终由于汉人（影响）而分布到南亚或北中国。
http://hmongstudies.org/GYLeeHSJ8.pdf

“03（m122)分布于整个亚洲中心，东亚洲，东亚，南亚，和南太平洋群岛，而03a3为苗人特有；
03a5（m134）则在西藏人中。"
所以单倍群O3在朝鲜人和满族人中被发现说明他们与南亚的一个族群-苗族有联系，同理，单倍群O3 在日本人中被发现说明日本人很可能和汉人有关系。

-------------译者：五味沁心雨-------------
5、Leonidas
bump

砰

6、pebbles
The Fallacy of Sinophobia ....
荒谬的中国恐惧症……

There is a major misconception that has been pushing certain Japanese and Korean scholars to find non-Chinese origin for them to feel safe, but the source of their fear was a phantom, a propagandist claim within their neo-Confucian factions that used sinocentrist rhetoric of their times to gain unfair advantage over liberalist ideas.

有一个主要的误解，一直在推动日本和韩国的某些学者为了使他们感到安全致力于发现非中国起源论，但是他们恐惧的来源是一个幻象，新儒家派系声称，用中国中立派言论比自由主义思想更能够获得不公平的优势。

One need not fight a Chinese enemy that does not exist.The great diversity of the origin and evolution of Chinese civilization that has been gaining steady momentum should rid the need for pursuing a non-Chinese origin for there is no such thing as a single Chinese origin.

不需要把中国视为敌人，对于具有多样性的起源与进化的中华文明而言，获得稳定增长的势头应当摆脱寻求非中国起源的需要，因为中国文明的起源不是单一的。

It is to point out the fact that many Japanese and Korean sources blindedly followed the "Out-of-Lake Baikal/Mongol Hypothesis of Japanese/Korean Origin" which has become rather popular during the 1970's in the so-called Egami's "Horserider Theory of Japanese Origin.".

这里指出，许多日本韩国起源的研究盲目追寻“外贝加尔湖/蒙古日本/韩国起源假说”，这个假说在1970年代江上的“ 骑马族的日本起源的理论”中非常流行。

J. Edward Kidder, Jr. covered the history of horses in Japan in his article "The Archaeology of the Early Horse-Riders in Japan".He also provided some great evidence that discredits a few pillars of Egami's horseriders theory.

J. Edward Kidder, Jr. 在他的文章“早期日本骑马族的考古”中涵盖了日本的马匹的历史，他还提供了一些伟大的证据质疑了江上的骑马者理论的几个支柱。

Horserider Theory,first proposed by Egami and modified by Ledyard, is about the invasion from the continent through Korea of a horse-riding tribe who conquered Japan and founded the Yamato state around 4th century AD. But this theory has few supporters nowadays, as it has been heavily criticized from an archeological point of view.

由江上提出Ledyard完善的骑马者理论，是关于在公元4世纪一个骑马族部落从大陆由朝鲜入侵，征服了日本并创立了日本民族国家。

-------------译者：captain001-------------
7、pebbles
Here is one academic research on ' dual origins ' of the Japanese.

这里有一个关于日本人双重起源的专业研究

A set of 81 Y chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was used to trace the origins of Paleolithic and Neolithic components of the Japanese paternal gene pool, and to determine the relative contribution of Jomon and Yayoi Y chromosome lineages to modern Japanese. Our global sample consisted of >2,500 males from 39 Asian populations, including six populations sampled from across the Japanese archipelago. Japanese populations were characterized by the presence of two major (D and O) and two minor (C and N) clades of Y chromosomes, each with several sub-lineages. Haplogroup D chromosomes were present at 34.7% and were distributed in a U-shaped pattern with the highest frequency in the northern Ainu and southern Ryukyuans. In contrast, haplogroup O lineages (51.8%) were distributed in an inverted U-shaped pattern with a maximum frequency on Kyushu. Coalescent analyses of Y chromosome short tandem repeat diversity indicated that haplogroups D and C began their expansions in Japan ~20,000 and ~12,000 years ago, respectively, while haplogroup O
47z began its expansion only ~4,000 years ago. We infer that these patterns result from separate and distinct genetic contributions from both the Jomon and the Yayoi cultures to modern Japanese, with varying levels of admixture between these two populations across the archipelago. The results also support the hypothesis of a Central Asian origin of Jomonese ancestors, and a Southeast Asian origin of the ancestors of the Yayoi, contra previous models based on morphological and genetic evidence.

科学家通过一组81个Y染色体上的单核苷酸来追踪旧石器时代和新石器时代的日本父系基因库的组成单元，并且判断jomon姓和yayoi姓的Y染色体的贡献率。我们从全球39个亚洲国家超过2500个男性中取样，其中包含从日本群岛的6个民族中的取样。日本民族可以分为两大两小Y染色体分支，每一个分支都有一些子谱系。单倍群D染色体占34.7%并且分布在U形段上，这在阿伊努北部和南部的琉球人概率最高。作为对比，单倍群O家系（51.8%）分布在一个倒U形段上，并且在九州分布的概率最高。通过对Y染色体短串联重复多样性的成膜分析发现单倍型D和C在日本20000年和12000年前开始繁衍。另外，单倍型O-47Z在日本繁衍开来是在4000年前。我们推断这些染色体格局来自从jomon和yayoi文化的单独和遥远的基因贡献，以及日本群岛的2个民族的混合。结果也证明中亚Jomonese祖先起源和一个东南亚的弥生时代的祖先起源的假说，与以前的模型相反是基于形态和遗传证据。

Source: http://www.springerlink.com/content/p31g0300430k6215/

来自： http://www.springerlink.com/content/p31g0300430k6215/

In geographic accuracy,SE Asia ( which has been false representative of Thailand Vietnam Burma Cambodia,these nations are nowhere near
eastern part of Asia continent ) is China's coastal region of Jiangsu & Zhejiang provinces ( we can include China's Fujian & Canton by default for
being parts of a same continental country ).

地理上，南亚（目前错误认为是泰国、越南、缅甸、柬埔寨这些国家。这些国家离亚洲的南端一点也不近）应该是中国的江苏和浙江省（因为作为一个国家的部分我们可以默认包括福建和广东）

-------------译者：guozhenyuhappy-------------
8、pebbles
Japanese are more ' mud ' than you all previously believed.
Japan's foremost nationalist,Tokyo Gov. Shintaro Ishihara, wrote in 1968, for example, that Japan was effectively a homogenous country that had maintained an "absolutely original culture" for centuries.
26 years later,he refuted his own words.
In Ishihara's 1994 book "No-to-ieru Asia" ("Asia that can say no"), however, he described the perception of Japan as an ethnically homogeneous country as absurd, stating that Japan is a mixture of "all the ethnic groups in Asia."

日本人比以前你所认为的更复杂.
日本的最著名的民族主义者，东京都知事（市长）石原慎太郎，于1968所写，举个列子，日本实际上在过去几百年时间里一直在坚持是一个“完全原创文化”的同种族国家。
26年后，他驳斥了他自己的观点。
在石原慎太郎1994的书《亚洲可以说不》，他描述了日本人把自己当做是一个纯种种族国家的观念是荒谬的，主张日本是"混合了所有亚洲族群(基因）的国家."

9、pebbles
Linguistics is not the sole barometer of ethnic groups.
There certinly isn't any evidence that Korean and Japanese are Altaic Languages. It's just something some Finnish Scientist made up and everyone else just assumed to be true. Korean is similar, if not related, to Japanese. They are Grammatically pretty identical where as vocabulary wise they are no.
Since when did language groups denote race ?
Japanese language indeed has some characteristics that make it close to the Altaic languages (Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu-Tungusic, Korean), but the Altaic languages don't constitue a genetic language family, as Indo-European for example. Their similarities come from cohabitation and borrowing. It is thus not surprising that Japanese would share some of those similarities with NE Asia.
Those words are identical because they are borrowings of the same word in Chinese .... i.e. .. kazoku, sentaku
the Ainu are definitely Asians, and more precisely proto-Mongoloids (not mongolians!). It is clear from biologic studies.People from Okinawa and other Ryukyu islands are closer to Jomon people and to Aynu than Mainland Japanese. And they speak what we call "Ryukyuan", a sister language of Japanese, not related to the languages of Taiwan.

语言学并不能将族群的组成一概而论。
没有任何证据表明朝鲜语和日语是阿尔泰语系。这只是一些芬兰科学家编造的，其他一些人就信以为真了。它们的相似性来自共生和借词。因此日语和东北亚语言有一些相似之处，这不足为奇。
什么时候语言系成了一个种族的符号？
日语确实有一些特征与阿尔泰语系（突厥语、蒙古语、满-通古斯语、韩语接近）。但是阿尔泰语系从来就不是遗传学意义上的，它和印欧语系不同。他们的相似性来源于融合和互相的交融。日本人和东亚人有相似性，这也就没什么好惊奇的了。
阿依努人是百分百的亚洲人，更精确点是原始-蒙古人（不是蒙古人）.这在生物研究中非常清楚。来自冲绳和琉球岛的人比日本本土人更接近日本的绳纹文化。他们宣称我们是"Ryukyuan"，与日语很接近，但与台语没有关系。
我的意思是所有日本人和阿依努人是在弥生时代和绳纹石器相混合的，其中绳纹组成最大的是阿依努，琉球第二，日本本土最后，所以他们仍然与日本本土的人相接近，琉球人与阿依努人是非常亲近的。

-------------译者：loriana777-------------
10、pebbles
It is not only Japanese people who recognize that the Ryukyuan languages belong in the same family as the Japanese language/dialects. Any student of linguistics can guarantee you that the Ryukyuan and Japanese languages share a very large percentage of cognate vocabulary.This is a very soundly established fact; it should not be considered alongside the likes of ridiculous attempts to relate the Japanese language to .. Hawaiian .. Korean .. Basque .. or whatever.

不只有日本人认识到琉球语和日本语/方言属于同一语系。任何一个语言学学生都能向你保证，琉球语和日语有大量词汇同源。显而易见，把日语同夏威夷语、朝鲜语、巴斯克语和别的什么语言联系起来的可笑尝试是毫无意义的。

To anyone who knows Japanese, these words look and sound like some sort of weird Japanese dialect, and not a truly foreign language. More importantly, regular "laws" of sound change can be formulated to explain the development of the observed Ryukyuan forms and the observed Japanese forms from their common ancestral language, Proto-Japanese-Ryukyuan ( or Proto-Japonic, whatever you may call it ).

对会日语的人来说，这些词汇和语音类似于一些古怪的日本方言而不是外语。更重要的是，规则的日语音变既能够解释观察到的琉球语形式的发展，也能说明来自共同源语言（原始日本—琉球语或称为原始Japonic语）的日语形式。

For example, here is a list of the first four words in the "Adjectives" section of the online Nakijin Dialect Dictionary (includes voice samples):

例如，下表是从Nakijin方言在线词典选出的部分“形容词”的前四个字。

/?a'iguruuseN/ ("rare, seldom occurring") = Japanese */ar-i-gurusi-i/ ("painfully difficult to be") (This word does not actually exist in Japanese, but it hypothetically could, and it would be cognate with the Nakijin form.)
/?a'iguruuseN/ ("稀有、罕见") = 日语*/ar-i-gurusi-i/ ("非常困难") (这个单词在日语中并不实际存在，但是它可以生造出，并且和Nakijin语形式同源。）

/?a[?k]aaseN/ ("red") = Japanese /aka-i/ ("red")
/?a[?k]aaseN/ ("红色") =日语/aka-i/ ("红色")

/?aQseN/ ("shallow") = Japanese /asa-i/ ("shallow")
/?aQseN/ ("浅的") =日语 /asa-i/ ("浅的")

/?aQcibeeseN/ ("walks with a fast pace, to be a fast walker") = Japanese */aruk-i-baya-i/ (hypothetically could exist in Japanese with the same meaning, but Japanese people do not actually use this expression)
/?aQcibeeseN/ ("快速行走,做快走者") = 日语 */aruk-i-baya-i/ (日语同样也可以生造出这个意思的词, 只是日本人实际上不使用)

Some distinctions between Japanese and Central Okinawan (Shuri).
日语和标准冲绳语（Shuri)的一些区别。

あ、い、う、え、お is usually あ、い、う、い、う
thus かぜ becomes かじ、こめ becomes くみ、そば　becomes すば
日语中あ、い、う、え、お在冲绳语中通常变为あ、い、う、い、う，
因此かぜ变成かじ、こめ变成くみ、そば　变成すば。

い in JPN adjectives = さん
あまい＝あまさん、あつい＝あちさん、おもしろい＝うむさん、やすい＝やっさん、など
日语形容词中的い =冲绳语形容词中さん
あまい＝あまさん、あつい＝あちさん、おもしろい＝うむさん、やすい＝やっさん、など

And so, I repeat, Japanese and Ryukyuan languages are indisputably related.

综上所述，我重申日本语和琉球语无可争辩的具有联系。

If anything, the Koreans and Japanese should see themselves more as having a common history of imported Chinese language and philosophy.Their languages have gotten more similar over time.

如果一定要把日语和别的语言扯上关系的话，朝鲜语和日语在传入中国语言和哲学上更有共同历史。随着时间推移，其语言才越来越有共性。

-------------译者：loriana777-------------
11、Bernard Woolley
Just to correct some truly bizarre statements:

只是为了更正一些奇谈怪论：

Originally posted by pebbles
There certinly isn't any evidence that Korean and Japanese are Altaic Languages.……
没有任何证据表明朝鲜族和日本人是阿尔泰语系……
-----
Shared grammer is an extremely strong indicator of linguistic relationships. If two languages have the same grammar, but different vocabulary, it suggests that they began as the same language but picked up different outside influences later.

语法共通是存在语言关联的强有力证据。如果两种语言语法相同但词汇不同，只能说明它们最初是同一种语言，但后来受到了不同的外部影响。

Originally posted by pebbles
Their similarities come from cohabitation and borrowing. It is thus not surprising that Japanese would share some of those similarities with NE Asia.
它们的相似性来自共生和借词。因此日语和东北亚语言有一些相似之处，这不足为奇。
Originally posted by pebbles
It is not only Japanese people who recognize that the Ryukyuan languages belong in the same family as the Japanese language/dialects. Any student of linguistics can guarantee you that the Ryukyuan and Japanese languages share a very large percentage of cognate vocabulary
不只有日本人认识到琉球语和日本语/方言属于同一语系。任何一个语言学学生都能向你保证，琉球语和日语有大量词汇同源。
----
Actually, languages that develop shared vocabulary but have different grammar are usually considered to have different roots, but long co-habitation

事实上，一般认为词汇共通但语法不同的语言起源不同，但是长期共生（译注：在同一个社会环境中发展）。

Originally posted by pebbles
Since when did language groups denote race ?
什么时候语言系成了一个种族的符号？
----
Never. You're boxing with shadows.

从来没有。你是在和虚无缥缈的东西打架呢。

Originally posted by pebbles
Japanese language indeed has some characteristics that make it close to the Altaic languages (Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu-Tungusic, Korean), but the Altaic languages don't constitue a genetic language family, as Indo-European for example.
日语确实有一些特征与阿尔泰语系（突厥语、蒙古语、满-通古斯语、韩语接近）。但是阿尔泰语系从来就不是遗传学意义上的，它和印欧语系不同。
-----
Wait a minute...so Indo-European languages, unlike Altaic ones, ARE genetically determined? That doesn't make any sense. There's no such thing as a "genetic language family."

等等……所以说印欧语系，和阿尔泰语系不一样的原因在于，他们是遗传学意义上的？胡说八道，从来没有所谓“遗传学意义上的语系”一说。

Originally posted by pebbles
If anything, the Koreans and Japanese should see themselves more as having a common history of imported Chinese language and philosophy.Their languages have gotten more similar over time.
如果一定要把日语和别的语言扯上关系的话，韩国人和日本人在输入中国语言和哲学上更有共同历史。随着时间推移，其语言才越来越有共性。
-----
Out of curiosity, what is your source on this? What about the Japanese and Korean languages and cultures leads you to believe that their roots lie in China? Why do you think that their linguistic similarity is the result of Chinese influence, when their similar elements (grammar, as you said above) are not shared by Chinese language?

出于好奇，你是怎么得出这个结论的。是什么让你相信日本和韩国的语言及文化植根于中国？你为啥会觉得他们的语言相似性是因为中国影响？他们的相似性（比如你说的，语法）什么时候是和汉语无关的？

Originally posted by pebbles
There is a major misconception that has been pushing certain Japanese and Korean scholars to find non-Chinese origin for them to feel safe, ……
有一个主要的误解，一直在推动日本和韩国的某些学者为了心安理得而致力于发现非中国起源论……
-----
Indeed, there is no need for Japan and Korea to fight China, and China is a wonderful, diverse place. However, the fact that many things come from China doesn't mean that everything comes from China.

确实日本和韩国没必要和中国争论，中国是一个了不起的，多元化的国家。然而，许多东西起源于中国并不代表所有东西都源自中国。

12、Leonidas
Originally posted by pebbles
Japanese are more ' mud ' than you all previously believed.
日本人比以前你所认为的更复杂。
-----
what do you mean by this?

这话什么意思？

13、pebbles
Originally posted by Bernard Woolley
There's no such thing as a "genetic language family."……
从来没有所谓“遗传学意义上的语系”一说
-----
Yea ... tell it to hypernationalist Korean wackos and non-NE Asian surrogates pushing their pro-Japanese & Korean relatedness or non-Chinese origin of Japanese & Korean ' agenda ' here and elsewhere in cyberspace
Both Japanese & Korean languages shared 50%-60% ' Chinese ' vocabulary.

嗯……你应该和网上那些狂热的大韩民族主义分子和那些推销“日韩亲缘论”或者“日韩非中国起源论”的脱亚分子说去。
日语和汉语中都含有50%-60%的汉语词汇。

14、pebbles
Originally posted by Leonidas
what do you mean by this?
这话什么意思？
-----
Don't the Japanese always pride themselves as ethnically homogeneous
* Professor Masao Oka on " Race,Ethnicity,Migration of Japan ",an archaeologist noted the Japanese people came from 5 population groups.
(1) north-eastern Asiatic Tungusic
(2) Austro-Asiatic
(3) Altaic group
(4) south-eastern Asiatic group of Austronesian origin
(5) ethnic group of Melanesian origin
http://books.google.com/books?id=_ffOut-Ay_8C&pg=PA140&lpg=PA140&dq=Oka+Masao&source=web&ots=Gu9GMHZmU_&sig=c-Pdpbru408IkAJhg_rwv_IXXqo&hl=en

日本人不是总为“种族纯洁”而洋洋自得么？
考古学教授 Masao Oka 在《日本人的人种、种族、迁移》一书中指出，日本人来自五个族群。
1）东北亚通古斯语族
2）南亚语族
3）阿尔泰语族
4）东南亚澳斯楚尼西亚语族
5）美拉尼西亚裔的种族
http://books.google.com/books?id=_ffOut-Ay_8C&pg=PA140&lpg=PA140&dq=Oka+Masao&source=web&ots=Gu9GMHZmU_&sig=c-Pdpbru408IkAJhg_rwv_IXXqo&hl=en

-------------译者：yoy119-------------
15、Leonidas
http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf
Japanese are pretty unique, haplo D only shared by tibetan and adaman islanders. i came across this before the d group

日本人相当地独特，染色体单倍群D基因此外只存在于藏人和安达曼群岛人。我是偶然发现这点的。

16、Azvarohi
Plot for japanese people and other asian people based on Y-chromosome comparison and distances:

图例从Y染色体的差异和距离上比较了日本人和其他亚洲人群

Abstract:
Based on the frequencies of these two clades (my note - Y haplogroups D, O-P31 and O-M 122, which account for 86.9% of Japanese Y haplogroups), we estimate the Jomon contribution to modern Japanese to be 40.3%, with the highest frequency in the Ainu (75%) and Ryukyuans (60%). On the other hand, Yayoi Y chromosomes account for 51.9% of Japanese paternal lineages, with the highest contribution in Kyushu (62.3%) and lower contributions in Okinawa (37.8%) and northern Honshu (46.2%). Interestingly there is no evidence of Yayoi lineages in the Ainu.

按照两大基因分支的频率来看（我注意到单倍型D、O-P31和O-M122占日本人所有Y染色体单倍群总数的86.9%），我们估计绳文人对现代日本人的基因贡献率在40.3%，对阿依奴人最高有75%，琉球人有60%。弥生人则贡献了51.9%日本父系基因，在九州有62.3%，在冲绳则只有 37.8%，在北本州是46.2%。有意思的是在阿依奴人里没有弥生人的基因留存证据。

...and...
In summary, our data suggest that Paleolithic male lineages entered Japan at least 12,000-20,000 years ago from Central Asia, and were isolated for thousands of years once land bridges between Japan and continental Asia disappeared at the end of the last glacial maximum (~12,000 years ago). More recently, Y chromosomes that originated in Southeast Asia expanded to Korea and Japan with the spread of wet rice agriculture. The ages and spatial patterns of haplogroups D and O in Japan are concordant with the hypothesis that Y chromosomes spread via a process of demic difussion during the Yayoi period (Sokal and Thomso, 1998). Each of the populations carrying these differentiated lineages made separate contributions to modern Japanese, both genetically and culturally. In contrast to previous models, we propose that the Yayoi Y chromosomes descend from prehistoric farmers that had their origins in Southeastern Asia, perhaps going back to the origin of agriculture in this region. This places the Yayoi in the context of other population expansions stimulated by the acquisition of agriculture, whereby farmer societies gained advantage over hunter-gatherer societies (Diamond and Bellwood, 2003). In this case, however the Jomon hunter gatherers may have held off the onslaught of farmers for thousands of years as a result of their highly succesful brand of subsistence. The dramatic Yayoi transition may have been triggered in 400 B.C. by a combination of developments, such as rice field irrigation, cold-resistant rice strains, an increasing Korean population and the invention of iron tools for producing farming implements (Diamond 1998). The data indicate, however, that Jomon genes survive in contemporary Japanese, possibly because their unique and varied culture complemented that of the immigrant famers.

。。。待续。。。
简而言之，我们的数据显示旧石器时代的男性在1万两千年到两万年前从中亚进入日本，在最近的一次大冰川时代（大约一万两千年前）末期，连接日本和亚洲大陆的路桥因海平面上涨而消失后，这些人孤悬海外数千年。发源于东南亚的Y染色体人群在相当晚的时候才扩散到朝鲜和日本，同时带来了水稻农业。在日本单倍群D 和O的年代和分布类型与弥生时代人群发生融合并扩散Y染色体的假说（Soka和Thomso，1998。应该是提出假说的人，译者注）相当一致。每个人群携带着这些差异化的基因对现代日本人在基因上和文化上都作出了独立的贡献。与往昔的认知形成对照的是，我们认为弥生时代的男性起源于史前的农夫，而这些农夫又来自东南亚，迁徙时间则也许可以追溯到整个地区农业最早开始出现的年代。这就将弥生人放到一个其他族群因农业技术的发展而人口膨胀的大背景中了，借此农业社会超过了游猎采集社会（Diamond和Bellwood，2003。此处为说法的出处，译者注）。在这种情况下，不管绳文猎人们是如何出于其自身高度成功的生存方式而极力避免与农夫们的接触。戏剧般的弥生过渡期还是在公元前400年开始了，引发了一系列大发展大融合，如稻田灌溉、抗冻稻子，朝鲜来的人口增加并发明了制造农具的铁质工具（Diamond 1998）。数据表明，不管怎样，绳文人的基因仍保留在现代日本人里，这很可能是因为他们独特而多样的文化对迁移来的农业人口是一个重要的补充。
From Michael F. Hammer et al. (2005)

Cheers!
致敬！

-------------译者：o(∩_∩)o -------------
17、Leonidas
Originally posted by pebbles
Don't the Japanese always pride themselves as ethnically homogeneous
日本人不是总为“种族纯洁”而洋洋自得么？
-----
They are one ethnic group?!? Aniu excepted, japan is pretty much one ethnic society.
wow, everyone has multi- ancestry nothing unique here. i do but i dont walk around saying i am a 'pie chart', nope im greek. Ethnos (nationality) is perceved and yes interchanged with genos (blood line) but that is a human condition. Not a japanese one.

他们是一个民族？！？除阿依努人外，日本几乎是一个种族的社会。
哇，这里每个人都有多个祖先不是什么稀罕事。我也是，但我不会说我是一个“饼图”（译注：意思是将自己的血统成份像饼图一样分割），不，我是一个希腊人。没错，民族（国家）是认识上的，是基因组群（血统）的互换，但也就是人的境况。并非日本人自己这么认为。

18、pebbles
Jared Diamond's ' Japanese Roots ' is a joke,he wrote it in 1998 Discovery Magazine .... it's the article set-off ' Japanese & Korean blood tie obsession frenzy ' in cyberspace since 2005.In all honesty,it's quite disturbing and pathetic.

Jared Diamond在1998年发现杂志写的 “Japanese Roots”是一个笑话，这篇文章自2005年在网络上强调‘日本人和韩国人紧密的血统’。老实说，这是相当令人不安，让人感觉可悲。

19、pebbles
One fundamental is that majority typical Japanese have sharp narrower small faces and slender built oppose to broader-faced Koreans with big-bone bulky physical built.
In term of looks,Japanese and Korean look quite different.
Great disparity of these basic physical characteristics is sufficient to ' debunk ' any argument that Japanese and Koreans are more closely related than with other NE Asian groups.

一个基本事实，多数典型的日本人有尖窄的小面孔和修长的身段，和宽脸的韩国人骨骼粗大的身材相反。
长相上，日本和韩国的完全不同。
这些基本的物理特性上的大不同足以“揭穿“任何关于日本和韩国比起亚洲其他族群联系更密切的论证。

20、Azvarohi
Originally posted by pebbles
One fundamental is that majority typical Japanese have sharp narrower small faces and slender built oppose to broader-faced Koreans with big-bone bulky physical built.……
一个基本事实，多数典型的日本人有尖窄的小面孔和修长的身段，和宽脸的韩国人骨骼粗大的身材相反。
-----
Well, it´s true that physical anthropology can help when looking at people that share a same origin ... but(!) you´ll find north europeans with broad faces, broad shouldered broad noses, dark hair, pale skin that have the same origin as long faced, slender built, narrow nosed and blonde people, both when comparing Y-DNA and mtDNA.
Facial features within the same race are often the result of adaptation, nutrition, sexual selection, living conditions etc.

嗯，看同样起源的人们的时候人类体格学可以帮忙是对的……但是（！）当你比较Y-DNA和mtDNA，你会发现宽脸，宽肩，大鼻子，黑发，白肤的北欧人和长脸，身材苗条，窄鼻，金发碧眼的人们有相同起源。
同一种族的面部特征往往是适应、营养、性别选择、生活条件等的结果。

Koreans and japaneses do differ when looking at genetics, but not much more (probaly a little more) than central european and italians do IMO. Both are represented as seperated by two natural barries:
Korea vs Japan: The Korea strait.
Central Europe vs Italy: The Alps.
...it´s also regional when looking on how close the japaneses are to other EA people (as seen in the chart I posted above), it´s a distance, but not THAT much of a distance.

朝鲜人和日本人在遗传学上有差异，但比起中欧人和意大利人不会多太多（可能会多一点），两者都是由自然屏障相隔开的：
朝鲜VS日本：朝鲜海峡。
中欧VS意大利：阿尔卑斯山。
看日本人和其他东亚人的相近也是区域性的（就像上面我发的那个图表）。这是一种距离，但没有太大的距离。

21、Bernard Woolley
Originally posted by pebbles
Yea ... tell it to hypernationalist Korean wackos and non-NE Asian……
嗯……你应该和网上那些狂热的大韩民族主义分子和那些推销“日韩亲缘论”或者“日韩非中国起源论”的脱亚分子说去。
-----
If I run into one, I will. At the moment, though, you're the one who appears to be conflating genetic ancestry with the development of cultural and ethnic identities

如果我碰上，我会的。目前，你就是一个，你似乎要等同随着文化发展的基因血统和种族认同。

Originally posted by pebbles
Both Japanese & Korean languages shared 50%-60% ' Chinese ' vocabulary.
日语和韩语中都含有50%-60%的汉语词汇。
-----
When they started adopting Chinese vocabulary, along with Chinese writing, these nations already had established cultures of their own. So this doesn't tell us anything about their origins (cultural origins, that is). The Chinese influence on the later development of Japan and Korea is undeniable, of course.

当他们开始采用汉语词汇，以及中国书写，这些国家已经确立了自己的文化。所以这并没有告诉我们他们的任何起源（这里指的是文化起源）。当然，中国对日本和韩国随后的发展的影响不可否认。

Originally posted by pebbles
One fundamental is that majority typical Japanese have sharp narrower small faces and slender built oppose to broader-faced Koreans with big-bone bulky physical built.……
一个基本事实，多数典型的日本人有尖窄的小面孔和苗条身段，和宽脸的韩国人骨骼粗大的身材相反。
-----
I suppose the stereotypical Japanese and the stereotypical Korean may look somewhat different, but in reality most people fall outside these stereotypes and there is a great deal of overlap in the appearance of actual Korean and Japanese people. And frankly I have no idea where your "slender built"/"big-bone bulky physical built" idea comes from.

我认为，典型的日本人和韩国人可能看起来多少有些不同，但实际上大多数人不属于这些刻板印象，实际的韩国人和日本人的外表有很大的重合。坦白说，我不知道你“苗条身段”/“骨骼粗大的身材”的印象来自哪里。

22、pebbles
Originally posted by Azvarohi
Plot for japanese people and other asian people based on Y-chromosome comparison and distances:
图例从Y染色体的差异和距离上比较了日本人和其他亚洲人群
-----
Consider the Yayoi Y chromosomes account for 51.9% of Japanese paternal lineages,which has a Southeast Asian origin established by academic source.
How is Japanese ethnicity place in NE Asian racial group not more genetically related to continental SE Asian peoples ?!

考虑弥生时代的Y染色体占日本的父系血统51.9%，学术研究已经确定其中有一支东南亚起源。
日本民族是如何在东北亚洲种族群诞生，而和东南亚大陆人们有关系？！

23、Suren
You guys looks like the same except the Nihonjins are more kawai! I have both Korean and Japanese friends. From my point of view Koreans are more serious in their studies, but Japanese are much cooler to hang out with.

除了日本人更可爱外，你们看起来一样！我有韩国和日本朋友。在我看来，韩国人在学业上更严肃，但日本人与他人相处更冷一点。

24、pebbles
Japan's shoban 諸蕃 ( or 蕃別 banbetsu ) was a family registry designated Japanese clans known to be of continental descent.

日本的《诸蕃志》是一本日本人都广为认同大陆血统的家谱。

【漢帰化族】 naturalized Han-Chinese

【漢帰化族】归入汉族
周人の末裔【大里氏】【長野氏】【広野氏】【三宅氏】【山田氏】【伊部氏】【白鳥氏】【白原氏】【調氏】【長岑氏】【首氏】【水海氏】
秦の始皇帝の末裔【秦氏】【太秦氏】【惟宗氏】【朝原氏】【大蔵氏】【河勝氏】【桜田氏】【宗氏】【高尾氏】【時原氏】【寺氏】【秦原氏】【広幡氏】【物集氏】【三林氏】【井手氏】【川辺氏】【中家氏】【原氏】【小宅氏】【井手氏】【長田氏】【巨知氏】【長岡氏】【奈良氏】【大滝氏】【山村氏】
漢の高祖の末裔【厚見氏】【馬氏】【浄野氏】【栗栖氏】【古志氏】【高志氏】【桜野氏】【武生氏】【高道氏】【玉作氏】【豊岡氏】【春沢氏】【桧前氏】【文氏】【尾津氏】【村主氏】　　　　　　　　
後漢霊帝の末裔【坂上氏】【大蔵氏】【丹波氏】【調氏】【木津氏】【桧原氏】【内蔵氏】【山口氏】【平田氏】【佐太氏】【谷氏】【桜井氏】【路氏】【文氏】【桧前氏】【蔵人氏】【志賀氏】【広原氏】【池辺氏】【栗栖氏】
その他漢帝の末裔【桑原氏】【下氏】【桧前氏】【若江氏】【田辺氏】【谷氏】【豊岡氏】【八戸氏】【高安氏】【高道氏】【春井氏】【河内氏】
漢の国人の末裔【大原氏】【吉水氏】【真神氏】【台氏】【交野氏】
汉的后裔【大原氏】【吉水氏】【真神氏】【台氏】【交野氏】
魏人の末裔【高向氏】【上氏】【高根氏】【筑紫氏】【平松氏】【雲梯氏】【郡氏】【河内氏】【河原氏】【鋤田氏】【野上氏】【広橋氏】【穴太氏】
呉人の末裔【蜂田氏】【深根氏】【松野氏】【和楽氏】【工氏】【祝部氏】【額田氏】【勝氏】【上氏】【刑部氏】【茨田氏】【高向氏】【小豆氏】
漢人の末裔【伊吉氏（壱岐氏）】【交野氏】【広海氏】【吉水氏】
燕人の末裔【赤染氏】【赤染部氏】【常世氏】【筆氏】
唐人の末裔【江田氏】【清宗氏】【清海氏】【清川氏】【浄山氏】【栄山氏】【千代氏】【新長氏】
その他の漢土帰化族【大山氏】【大石氏（生石氏）】【高丘氏】【朝妻氏】【清村氏】【春村氏】

周人的后裔【大里氏】【長野氏】【広野氏】【三宅氏】【山田氏】【伊部氏】【白鳥氏】【白原氏】【調氏】【長岑氏】【首氏】【水海氏】
秦始皇的后裔【秦氏】【太秦氏】【惟宗氏】【朝原氏】【大蔵氏】【河勝氏】【桜田氏】【宗氏】【高尾氏】【時原氏】【寺氏】【秦原氏】【広幡氏】【物集氏】【三林氏】【井手氏】【川辺氏】【中家氏】【原氏】【小宅氏】【井手氏】【長田氏】【巨知氏】【長岡氏】【奈良氏】【大滝氏】【山村氏】
汉高祖的后裔【厚見氏】【馬氏】【浄野氏】【栗栖氏】【古志氏】【高志氏】【桜野氏】【武生氏】【高道氏】【玉作氏】【豊岡氏】【春沢氏】【桧前氏】【文氏】【尾津氏】【村主氏】
后汉灵帝的后裔【坂上氏】【大蔵氏】【丹波氏】【調氏】【木津氏】【桧原氏】【内蔵氏】【山口氏】【平田氏】【佐太氏】【谷氏】【桜井氏】【路氏】【文氏】【桧前氏】【蔵人氏】【志賀氏】【広原氏】【池辺氏】【栗栖氏】
其他汉帝国主义的后裔【桑原氏】【下氏】【桧前氏】【若江氏】【田辺氏】【谷氏】【豊岡氏】【八戸氏】【高安氏】【高道氏】【春井氏】【河内氏】
魏国的后裔【高向氏】【上氏】【高根氏】【筑紫氏】【平松氏】【雲梯氏】【郡氏】【河内氏】【河原氏】【鋤田氏】【野上氏】【広橋氏】【穴太氏】
吴人的后裔【蜂田氏】【深根氏】【松野氏】【和楽氏】【工氏】【祝部氏】【額田氏】【勝氏】【上氏】【刑部氏】【茨田氏】【高向氏】【小豆氏】
汉人的后裔【伊吉氏（壱岐氏）】【交野氏】【広海氏】【吉水氏】
燕人的后裔【赤染氏】【赤染部氏】【常世氏】【筆氏】
唐人的后裔【江田氏】【清宗氏】【清海氏】【清川氏】【浄山氏】【栄山氏】【千代氏】【新長氏】
其他漢土归化族【大山氏】【大石氏（生石氏）】【高丘氏】【朝妻氏】【清村氏】【春村氏】

http://www.myj7000.jp-biz.net/clan/03/03.htm

-------------译者：guozhenyuhappy-------------
25、zstripe
The frequency of haplogroup O2b is about 35-47% for Koreans and about 20-35% for Japanese.
Haplogroup C3 dominates in Korea (15-20%), Manchuria (20-25%), Siberia (30-50%), while in Japan it only accounts for 1-2% of Japanese.
Haplogroup O3a5 has moderate distributions throughout Asia.

*Japanese also have the haplogroup D2 branch, which has its origins in Africa->Tibet->Japan. Tibetans and Japanese are probably the closest linked ethnic groups.

http://www.kumanolife.com/History/dna.html
Korean DNA sequence is made up of:
40.6% Korean
21.9% Chinese
1.6% Ainu
17.4% Okinawan
18.5% Unidentified

Japanese DNA sequence is made up of:
4.8% Japanese
24.2% Korean
25.8% Chinese
8.1% Ainu
16.1% Okinawan
21% Unidentified

Chinese DNA sequence is made up of:
60.6% Chinese
1.5% Japanese
10.6% Korean
1.5% Ainu
10.6% Okinawan
15.2% Unidentified

This research isn't fake, it was done using SNP (Single nucleotide polymorphism). Japanese are probably the least homogenous, genetically. makes sense because its an isolated group of islands.

单倍群O2b（染色体编号）大约在朝鲜族中有35%-47%，在日本人中有25%-35%。
单倍群C3 则主要在朝鲜族(15-20%)、满族(20-25%)、西伯利亚族 (30-50%)，而在日本它只占日本人的1%-2%
单倍群O3a5 则平均的分布在亚洲人中。
日本人也有单倍群D2 的分支，它的起源（指单倍群 D2 ）非洲->西藏->日本.西藏人和日本人也许是非常靠近的种族

http://www.kumanolife.com/History/dna.html

朝鲜族DNA组成
40.6% 朝鲜族
21.9% 汉族
1.6% （日本）阿依努人
17.4% Okinawan（日本冲绳县人，应该是日本的一个族群）
18.5% 无法辨别

日本人DNA组成
4.8% 日本人
24.2% 朝鲜族
25.8% 汉族
8.1% 阿依努人
16.1% 冲绳人
21% 不能辨别

中国人DNA组成
60.6% 汉族
1.5% 日本人
10.6% 朝鲜族
1.5% 阿依努人
10.6% 冲绳人
15.2% 不能辨别

This research isn't fake, it was done using SNP (Single nucleotide polymorphism). Japanese are probably the least homogenous, genetically. makes sense because its an isolated group of islands.

这个研究不会是假的，它是使用SNP（单核苷酸多态性）做的。日本人大概是最不纯的基因。这很好解释，因为它是一个孤立的群岛.

26、zstripe
The whole Altaic language group is controversial. If it really exists, then I reckon it should include Korean but not Japanese.

整个阿尔泰语系是有争议的，如果它真的存在，那么我想它应该包含韩语，而不是日语。

27、pebbles
Koreans do not have Y chromosome D2.The D2 system is Ainu 88%, the Okinawa people 56%, mainland Japan 50～56% and Korea 0%.

韩国人没有Y 染色体D2。D2系的阿伊努人有88%，冲绳人56%，日本本土50～56%，而韩国0%。

28、zstripe
Y haplogroup D mostly occurs only in Tibet, Japan. It only appears at a frequency of 1-2% outside of these areas. Might explain why Tibetans, Japanese and Chinese are very similar in terms of DNA sequences SNP.
Ainu have about 15-20% haplogroup C3.

Y单倍群D大部分在西藏人、日本人身上。在这些地区之外有1%-2%。也许这解释了中国人，西藏人，日本人为什么在DNA的排列上为什么如此相似.
阿依努人有15%-20%单倍群C3.

29、pebbles
50% of Japanese men have DNA YAP+ whereas the Chinese & Koreans don't

50%的日本人有YAP+（Y染色体Alu序列多态性）的DNA基因，但中国人和韩国人没有

30、Sarmat
And ?

然后呢？

31、pebbles
The truth of the matter is modern native Japanese are more " indigenous stock " than previously believed that they're basically descended from both Chinese & Korean immigrants.Jomon-jins & Wa-jins account for majority of today's Yamato ethnicity.Torai-jins ( Chinese & Korean ) contributed 10%-15% to Japanese gene pool according to one J scholar.

事实的真相是现代日本族要比以前相信自己是从韩国或中国移民而来的更加本土化。Jomon-jins & Wa-jins 占据现在的大部分大和族人口。根据J 奖学金获得者 Torai-jins ( 中国&韩国 ) 贡献了 10%-15% 的日本基因

-------------译者：ISAIH-------------
32、pebbles
Originally posted by keerisahaizu
The origins of the Japanese people is not entirely clear yet. ……
关于日本人的起源，至今仍是众说纷纭........
-----
Historians note that despite the catalog of cultural benefits Japan reaped from its links with China and from the peninsula, many Japanese intellectuals started to look down on their Asian neighbors in the late 19th century, in line with an emerging nationalist fervor in Japan.

历史学家们认为，排除日本文化受益于中国和东亚半岛文化一衣带水的影响，从十九世纪末开始，随着日本民族主义热潮的兴起，日本学者开始蔑视他们的亚洲邻居们。

Eiji Oguma, an assistant professor of sociology at Keio University, said other parts of Asia have served as a convenient comparative backdrop for Japanese intellectuals to forge a distinct modern national identity.

小熊英二，一位庆应大学的社会学助教授曾说过，亚洲其他国家对于日本学者们来讲，是铸造一个截然不同的现代统一国民性的绝佳背景。

"The view toward Asia has swayed between respect and contempt in the modern era, corresponding to Japan's position in international politics of the times," he said. "Asian countries have been a convenient tool for a Japan desperate for a strong national identity to offset its historical inferiority complex toward Western countries."

“在如今这个时代，从日本在国际社会中的政治地位来看，日本对于亚洲的态度一直在尊敬与轻蔑之间摇摆不定。”他说，“对日本来说，亚洲诸国是一个非常好的工具来迫使日本建立强大的国家认同感，以此来摆脱对西方国家由来已久的复杂的自卑心态。”

In his award-winning 1995 book, "The Myth of the Homogeneous Nation," Oguma argued that Japanese intellectuals have shifted their beliefs between emphasizing the distinctiveness of Japan's culture and its universal relevance as part of Asia.
The popular view regarding Japan's roots, according to Oguma, has tended to become more Asia-inclusive in times when Japan has challenged the hegemony of the West, such as the prewar period and during the asset-inflated bubble economy of the late 1980s.

在他1995年获奖的书《单一民族神话的起源》中，小熊认为日本学者们在强调日本文化的独特性，还是作为亚洲某种普世共享的文化上摇摆不定。
在日本的根源上被广为接受的观点，根据小熊的说法，在挑战西方霸权时日本会更偏向亚洲这边，例如在战前时期以及80年代后期泡沫经济时期。

During its relatively fallow periods in terms of global influence, however, the country has generally sought to protect its identity by emphasizing its "unique" heritage, he said.
Eiji Oguma's online copy of " A Genealogy of 'Japanese' Self-images ",English-translation of his award-winning 1995 book titled Tan'itsu Minzoku Shinwa no Kigen ( The origin of the myth of Japanese as a homogeneous ethnic group or The Myth of the Homogeneous Nation ).http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=DkKrHjCruyMC&dq=Eiji+Oguma&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=FbJNOvoDlU&sig=2_nVerfqJx0SQ4G-m4bFCoVphNo&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPR5,M1

虽然在随后的休养期受到来自全球的影响，然而，这个国家依然试图通过强调这种自古流传下来的“独特性”来保护他们的国家认同感。
在小熊英二的在线书籍《日本人的自画像谱系》，是他1995年获奖书籍《单一民族神话的起源》的英文翻译本。http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=DkKrHjCruyMC&dq=Eiji+Oguma&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=FbJNOvoDlU&sig=2_nVerfqJx0SQ4G-m4bFCoVphNo&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPR5,M1

-------------译者：guozhenyuhappy-------------
33、pebbles
' Nihonjiron ' is a theory promotes uniqueness & superiorty of Japanese ethnicity.
Regarding the Japanese have been uncomfortable discussing their ' Asian ' roots.There is ' twofold ' to this matter .
( 1 ) Japanese is one Asian ethnicity consciously ' submerge ' their own family origins in the name of ' Yamatoizaton '.
( 2 ) Fukuzawa Yukichi ( 福澤諭吉 ) instrumentally led Japan & Japanese ' out of Asia ' mentally and pschologically.

‘Nihonjiron ' 理论是一个说日本人是一个优越和独特的种族
日本人一直不太舒服讨论他们的亚洲根源。这有俩个事可以说明。
（1）日本人是亚洲的一个种族自觉的隐藏他们自己家庭的血统‘yamatoizaton’.
(2) 福澤諭吉帮助日本冲出了亚洲的精神束缚.

34、zstripe
And Japanese don't have the pure haplogroup C3 (no subclade) that 15%+ Koreans and Siberians (Nivkhs, Koryaks and Buryats) have.
Plus Japanese are more related to Tibetans (high rates of haplogroup D and O3e/O3a5). Japanese are only 20-30% haplogroup O2b, whereas in Koreans it's around 20-48%.
Haplogroup O3a5a (O3e1) is found in Japanese, Tibetans and southern Han Chinese at moderately high frequencies. In fact nearly all of the Japanese haplogroup O3 belong to O3a5.

并且日本人没有纯正的单倍群 C3，这个在韩国人有15%.
另外日本人更多的与西藏人的联系更紧密（高比率的单倍群 D and O3e/O3a5）.日本人只有20-30%的单倍群O2b，但在韩国人大概有20-48%.
单倍群O3a5a (O3e1) 在日本人中被发现，藏人和南方汉人也都普遍的拥有。事实上，几乎所有日本人的单倍群O3 都属于O3a5系列.

35、zstripe
Originally posted by zstripe
The frequency of haplogroup O2b is about 35-47% for Koreans and about 20-35% for Japanese.
-----
It seems that Japanese DNA is more influenced by Eastern groups (Tibetans and Han) than Korean.
Migrations to Korean peninsula was probably a very very long time ago, as Koreans have unique DNA, with less Tibetan and Han DNA. So any gene flow from specifically Han Chinese or Japanese to Koreans is very low.

这看来日本人基本更是受到东部群体的影响（西藏人和汉人）胜过朝鲜。西敏至朝鲜半岛大概是很久以前的事啦，由于有独一得DNA（藏汉很少）。所以很低的基因是从汉族和日本人流向朝鲜人的。

36、zstripe
http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content-nw/full/172/4/2431/TBL1
Basically shows that nearly all Japanese O3 belongs to O3a5.
In Koreans, most O3 belong to O3*, suggesting ancient origins about 50,000 years ago. In North Koreans, the frequency of O3a5 (O3e) is much lower than other East Asian populations and even some Tungusic peoples.

基本上显示了几乎全部的日本人03基因都属于03a5.
在韩国，大多数03属于03*，暗示了大约50000年前的古老起源，在北韩，03a5的频率比其他东亚国家甚至一些通古斯人还要低.

-------------译者：yoy119-------------
37、SameButDifferent
No body seems to have mentioned the "Ainu" who are the indegenous people of the Japanese Islands before the arrival of the Present day Japanese from the area around northern China and Korea boardering the Russia federation isn the far east.

没人提到阿依奴人才是日本列岛的本土人啊，他们来的时间更早。现在的日本人来自华北和朝鲜半岛与俄罗斯接壤的地区，而不是远东。

First Wave Migration of early humans out africa. Some 100,000 to 70,000 years ago.

早期人类第一波从非洲外迁的移民潮发生在大约7万年到10万年前。

The Ainu are aboriginal people derived from Austronesians who migrated North East when they split from other Austronesians who migrated southeast to populate south east asia (we know them as Papuans Melenesians and Australian Aboriginies). Some people ofton mistakingly classify them as part Caucasian or deliberatley claim the Ainu as Caucasian in order to co-op their antiquity as for the Europeans. Because of later admixture with mongoliod types some have tried to cliam them as part of the monoloid race of mankind. Argueing that because they are not dark they canoot be Austronesians stock. However DNA show that they are distantly related to the aboriginal peoples of south asia The Austranesians.

阿依奴土著人源自于南岛语系族群里向东北方向迁移的集团，这个集团本身又是从向着东南方向迁移并定居于东南亚的南岛人群中分离出来的（现在我们管这支南岛人群叫做巴布亚人、美拉尼西亚人和澳洲土著）。一些人经常错误地将阿依奴人归类于类高加索人，甚至为了利用他们的古老性来自我抬高欧洲人，而故意把他们叫做高加索人。由于后来与黄种人的混血，一些人又开始将阿依奴人称为黄种人的一支。有人争辩说，这些阿依奴人看起来不像现在的南岛人那样黑，他们应该不是一类的人种。然而基因测试显示阿依奴人和南亚土著南岛人是远房亲戚。

The Ainu look like aboriginies but have skin that appears to be white. The are also more hairy than the Japanese. The are discriminated against in japan because of their appearance. There are not many Aunu left in Japan as most were exterminated by there Japanese invaders or assimilated in an attempt to breed them out of the populated. Current Ainu culture hase been influence by Japanese culture, however, they have managed to retain their distinct language though they have borrowed a few Japanese words writing system. The United Nations recently forced the Japanese Government to recognised them as an endangered enthic minority and to protect them buy law from extinction.

阿依奴人看起来像土人，不过肤色是白色的。他们比普通日本人毛发更重。他们因自己的外貌而饱受歧视。现存的阿依奴人已经不多了，为了让他们不再聚族而居，他们中大部分或者被日本入侵者屠杀，或者被同化了。现存的阿依奴文化被日本文化所影响，不过他们还是设法保存了他们自己独特的语言，当然其中有不少日语借词。联合国近期强力要求日本政府承认他们是频临灭绝的少数民族族群并通过法律来保护他们免于灭绝。

Over thousands of years most of the remaining Ainu Have aquired some Japanese Facial features. However theere are some full blood Ainu still left on Hokkiado Island in the north of Japan. It is from the Ainu that the Japanese derive thier samirai mythology.

经过数千年时光，大多数阿依奴人都带有日本人的相貌特征。不过在日本北方的北海道还是生活着一些纯正的阿依奴人。日本人的武士神话传说正是源自于阿依奴人。

外国网友热议日本人的起源